STD's in today's society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

STD's in today's society - Research Paper Example The infections have become popular in the United States. The documentation shows increased popularity among teenagers who are sexually active (Weinstock, H., Berman, S & Cates, W. (2004).). Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) have become popular in the current society. The infections usually occur through sexual contact with infected individuals (Mandal, 2013). The most common way of transmission is through vagina. However, it is also possible to transmit through oral and anal sex. Some of the STD includes gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and syphilis. Moreover, the organisms causing the diseases include virus, and bacteria. In the society, anybody is disposed to the infections. However, those individuals that engage in unprotected sexual intercourse or exposure are at higher risk of getting the infections (Mandal, 2013). Furthermore, the risk increases in those people with multiple sexual partners, those that do not use condoms during sexual activities, drug abusers, and the commercial sex wor kers (Mandal, 2013). The most common symptoms of infections include discharge and ache from sexual parts ion male and female, pain during sexual activities and during urination, blisters, scaly rash, and reduced weight in infection such as HIV/Aids (Mandal, 2013). A reflection on causes of STD and effects on the body helps in understanding how they affect today’s society. ... The effect appears with a painless red sore called a chancre that occurs on the genital area (The Nemours Foundation, 2013). Moreover, the infection may lead to enlarged lymph nodes. However, the sore depends on types of sexual contact. For example, oral sex results in a sore developing in the mouth (The Nemours Foundation, 2013). The sore acts as a way in which the disease is transmitted between humans. The transmission usually takes place without being noticed. The sore heals for a period of one month even without treatment. However, failure to treat infection leads to progression to the second stage. In the next stage, bacteria enter the blood and spread to different parts of the body. In these areas, it causes effects such as rash, fever, headache, loss of appetite, sore throat, anorexia, reduced weight and enlarged lymph nodes (The Nemours Foundation, 2013). Moreover, there is the development of rash in almost all parts of the body. On the other hand, there is a development of p atches known as condylomata on the wet areas such as opening, anus, and vagina (The Nemours Foundation, 2013). Any contact with these areas may lead to infection. The infection at this stage may affect liver, kidneys, and eyes and sometimes cause meningitis (The Nemours Foundation, 2013). Failure to treat the problem at this stage leads to the last phase. In the final stage, there is usually no indication, but individuals have infections and highly contagious (The Nemours Foundation, 2013). Symptoms may appear several years and lead to damage of the eyes, large blood vessels, heart, bones, and the central nervous system (The Nemours Foundation, 2013). Symptoms that develop late may include memory loss, poor brain function, impotence, and loss

The Organizational Change Essay Example for Free

The Organizational Change Essay A. What is organizational change? Organizational change is a term used to describe a total overhaul of an organisation. This refers to a big scale changes to suit the current change in needs. There are many reasons. Sometimes there is need for an organisation to curb challenges arising like neck to neck competition, retrenchments or massive lay offs. It may also involve new changes in technology and an organisation might want to adopt or re-fix the new structure in their work places. All this will affect the working operations and environment of an organisation. Organizations sometimes might find need to merge with other related organisation this will force both organisation to restructure (McNamara, 2008). Basic Context for Organizational Change An extreme markets battle has forced many organizations to adopt many ways to survive. An organization might have been offering quality services or rather substandard services hence need to adopt modern technology. This cannot be done without know how, it requires in depth information about how and how effective the change will be. Organizational change can be very expensive, some organization are on favor for minimal changes as they review the effect of the new change. These small changes act as stepping stones for more changes to come for instance lay offs; this is a very costly assignment to an organization. It is important to learn that organizational change requires lots of funding (Darby Mcglynn, 2000, p13). Though this can bring desirable transformation, it is a painful undertaking especially where finance is concern. At the end of the day an organization should evaluate its achievements brought about by the big change Organization change is a very technical procedure; it requires intellectuals, skilled person or specialist who has an insight understanding about the running, management and all other that pertain administration. The entire running and management will be approached very differently of an organization. It entails new procedures and regulations to be followed by the organization’s management and entire work force (Darby Mcglynn, 2000, p13). Every organizational change presents new vision and approach. Accomplishment of the targeted goals and result is now viewed in another perspective; this is because the change might come up with new challenges. The duties and roles of every individual worker changes, others might be absorbed hence need for everyone involved to specialize on ones best subject. It’s noteworthy to learn that every each organizational change shakes all the running of an organization from the top level to bottom and bring new sense of direction. After organization change is accomplished efficiency should be expected and redundancy eliminated (Darby McGlynn, 2000, p. 13). B. Forces for and resistance to organizational change  Organizational change is viewed as a life circle and every organization should undergo in order to survive both internal and external pressures. It is very fundamental given other forces surrounding the change are put into account. Emergence of new technology can compel an organization to embrace and adopt, for the benefits and betterment of an organization. Computerization of an organization’s department is a perfect example of technology changes especially those which have been carrying on their duties manually Such office automation comes with more efficiency and reliability in executing duties (Darby McGlynn, 2000, p13 ). Another example is the introduction of automated teller machines by banks, despite their cost they are accurate and efficient s compared to bank clerks. In that connection it can led a bank into providing more products and services to their clients and customers, competitiveness needs for more supply in the market, change of services products. For any organisational change to take place it need profound consultation in relation to the targeted results. Its result and final achievement should be tangible and convincing (McNamara, 2008). C. Evolutionary and revolutionary change in organizations  Evolutionary change The change within the organization should be successful and constant such that it does not arouse any massive upheavals within and without the organization. Major development and progress in any organization is dependant on the degree of change in the new ideas and how the affected react to it. The organizations need to check at what their users want and supply them appropriately. The use of the collective intelligence and social networking within the organization is evolutionary since it encourages the blending of different good ideas towards the progress of the organization. Exploration of complex situations and involving everybody to participate intermsof decision making is also evolutionary to an organization (Casey, 2008). Attracting people to your vision as a manager within an organization plays a very important role in persuading them to buy into your outcome products, since this will give them a since of feeling that their contributions are very appreciated. Initiatives are the best way to introduce implement and institutionalize deliberate and on-going renewal. The involvement of many people in operational problem solving evolves to Participative Management Problem which is a profit sharing program that increases productivity and employee involvement across the board (Miraglia, 1994). For the renewal of any organization it calls for the organization to improve on its response to customer needs and increase its willingness to experiment with multi-function structures and teams which are led by entrepreneurial spirit. The management layers also need to be scrutinized and reduced and the ineffective functions scrapped off. Determining better ways of pushing responsibilities to every section of the organization without any inconvenience is evolutionary. The creation and continuation of complex activities like efforts in training and quality management processes brings better changes to an organization. This calls for the keeping of simultaneous changes to move in relationship to each other rather than in isolation (Casey, 2008). Revolutionary Change The organizations don’t look to their users in order to try and adjust on what users are willing to adapt to on a large scale. The situation by which most organizations only look for the way to sell out their big products without considering the taste of the consumers is revolutionary since they force the consumers into doing new things they are not comfortable with. The abrupt introduction of or addition new technology within the organization is sometimes very disruptive since it will require quite a bit of training which will consume sometime to allow for adjustment (Miraglia, 1994). The time taken by the organization to sell out its ideas sometimes can be longer. This can be due to disagreements across the decision making board which delays the implementation processes. Within any organization the implication for the Human resources need to seen as not only just to preserve and teach old lessons, vocabulary and assumptions but also to lead in the change processes, development of versatile models, teaching and encouraging new vocabulary and also be at the forefront of the encouraging continuous learning and sharing of knowledge The critical business issues like entrance into emerging markets and new product development pose a revolutionary change into the organization. The competition by related organizations also poses a challenge (Miraglia, 1994). D. Managing the Organizational Change Since an organization is a group or an association made by people who come together with different thoughts and opinions with an aim of achieving certain goals, therefore an organization is made up of individuals and in order for organizational change to be successful; there are different principles which should be considered. First an individual has got to achieve personal change which gives a positive approach to the change by applying it. Thoughtful planning and implementing sensitivity is another crucial principle to boost the organizational change. Consultation and involvement of the individuals affected by the organizational change is important since forcing of changes to an individual will cause problems (Kotter, 2002). The organizational change must be real, measurable and also achievable. These characteristics are relevant in the management of individual changes. Before the commencement of organizational change management, there are questions which are supposed to be taken into consideration. Organizational achievements, why, and how will an organization know if it has achieved the changes. Who the changes have affected and their reactions, how much of the change can be achieved and what parts of the change which are needed with help. These features are in strong relation to the management of the Organizational change (Kotter, 2002). For proper management, change needs to be understood and managed in such a way that people can successfully cope with. The director is the settling pressure. The affected organization or individuals need to agree with the change, understand the need for change and also be given a chance to decide on how the change will be managed and also they should be involved in the application and planning of the change (Kotter, 2002). Confronting each other is the best way to undertake susceptible issues of organizational change management. People or employees need to encourage their, manager to talk face to face to them if they are of help to the manager in managing the organizational change. Sending mails through internet and writing notices are the weakest ways of communication and enlargement understanding. If there is urgent change to be made in an organization, the reasons should be investigated and also its urgency is real. Also their needs to be consideration if the consequences of accepting the rational time-frame can be more devastating rather than taking control over the unsuccessful change. Fast changes in organizations avoid proper consultations and involvement and these leads to complications and more times is consumed when it comes to solving the issues (Kotter, 2002). For successful management for an organizational change, top management in an organization should be involved. This brings out reliability, ideas and expressiveness from the champions. Change is achieved when carried out as a group. The change representative always has a role of carrying out translation of the vision to a practical plan and also carries out the plan. Change communication is required to be regular with all the affiliates of the organization. For change to be maintained, the organizations’ composition needs to be given an amendment by either making course of actions, guiding principles and also deliberate plans. Such kind of change in the constructions of an organization characteristically involves re-freezing process and an unfreezing change (Mc Namara, 2008). E. Organizational Development Organizational Development is a challenge which gives authority to the organizational members in order for expansion to take place in peoples’ openness with each other concerning their opinions of the association and their experiences in the organization. This encourages members to take greater accountability for their own deeds as members of the organization. In organizational development the assumption is that when people practice the purposes simultaneously, there is a likeliness of organizations finding out new techniques of working together and hence there is achievement of the organizational goals (Nielsen, 1984, pp2-3). The final thought of organizational expansion is that organizations are social arrangements. Their aim is to increase long term presentation and physical condition of the organization as well as to also improve lives of its associates. The organizational development loom stresses on organization background which manipulates the way people perform their duties using organizational change based on exploration and achievement (Toolpack Consulting surveys, 2008). By using planned modification based on research, there is increase in motivation, elimination of obstructions and easier change. The perfect is an organization where there is constant improvement which is rampant in a way that it is not expected as a proposal. Organizational Development, changes the performances, shared beliefs and values, of the organization by working with technical and social systems like incentives, communication, work processes and civilization (Toolpack Consulting surveys, 2008) Organizational Development assists an organization in authorizing leaders and individuals’ workers. It also creates a culture of constant improvement and arrangement around shared achievements. There is easier and faster change making. All the minds of the employees are put to task. Organizational Development also enhances momentum and quality of choices. There is also assistance by the Organizational Development in beneficial conflict making rather than negative. Also leaders are given more control over the outcome by giving workers more authority over how they do their tasks (Toolpack Consulting surveys, 2008). There are different benefits which the Organizational Development has achieved, they include satisfaction to its customers, individual feeling of success, and profits by reducing costs for non profits, improvement suppleness of the organization, they have also achieved effectiveness of the costs as well as living, occupation and employment satisfaction. Objectives of organizational development are observed in an organization where, the needs of the customers are always recognized and thought about by the managers and the workers, also people get remunerations for success instead of failure of innovation or creativity hence there is high improvement. The construction and processes are based on the present requirements rather than in the past needs hence there is efficiency and assistance offered to people (Tool pack consulting surveys, 2008). Also in an organization, organizational development s’ objectives are achieved when in an organization; there is constructive resolving and conflict treatment. Hence this is used for modernization with no suppression and lack of intrusion with efficiency. The system of rewarding strengthens the organizational wellbeing. Also open communication is encouraged in both imaginative and straight and hence all the appropriate feelings are distributed and due to this, people can learn from the experience. Decisions are required to be made by people with most related, express knowledge (Toolpack Consulting surveys, 2008). Conclusion Organizational Change is a very crucial feature which brings about wide change in any organization with the aim of assisting the organization achieves its goals strategically. Such changes include, restructuring of self managed teams, new technologies, collaborations, mission changing and also changing of the complete Management of Quality. Hence there is transformation of the organization. This designates essential as well as elementary orientation in the way that the association operates (Mc Namara, 2008). In order for this change to take place successfully, individuals play a very important role in the organization. Hence there opinions and achievements as well as there aims are very crucial and require to be put into consideration. And this will only be possible with the application of some principles which once put into practice; the change becomes successful (Kotter, 2002). Since communication is important to the success of any organizational change efforts, it is important for face to face communication since it is believed to be strong as compared to sending mails and notices. Motivation should be encouraged amongst the organization by rewards, incentives etc. Organizational Development is of great benefit to organizations since it brings about profits, satisfaction both at work and in life. Also goals are achieved due to the Organizational Development efforts (Tool pack Consulting surveys, 2008).

Objectives Of The Masala Restaurant Commerce Essay

Objectives Of The Masala Restaurant Commerce Essay Masala restaurant is situated at mission bay, Auckland. There are totally 8 branches of the restaurant all over New Zealand and plans are in the pipeline to open more. The place is becoming popular as it provides cheap and good quality food apart from the large menu. The restaurant and its other branches are solely owned by Mrs. Jyoti Jain. It caters to wide number of people and of various cultures. I had an interview from Jaspreet jassi who is the manager of masala restaurant, mission bay. Hence the menu contains food from various countries but the speciality of the restaurant is mainly Indian. To capture the market and have a diverse group of customers some of the spicy Indian foods are made light and sometimes sweet to cater to the New Zealanders. The service towards the customers too is very professional. Objectives of the restaurant 1. The main objective of the restaurant is to provide a wide range of food at reasonable prices. 2. Within 3 years the restaurant became popular in Auckland and few other places, so they would like to expand and have more branches in other places in New Zealand. 3. Their current strategy is to have 25 branches in whole of New Zealand by the year 2015. 4. They would like to be an active and vocal member of the community and participate in various community activities. 5. To help in financial contribution through continual re-investment. Finding and Analysis Organization Structure and communication channels Masala restaurant is one of the leading Indian restaurants in New Zealand. Earlier it was a small food joint with limited Indian food catering only to the Indian community in Auckland. Later the owner realized that there were many people apart from Indians who also liked the Indian food but opted for little less spicy food. So the management decided to make their foods at three levels of spiciness, less, medium and hot. Through feedback from regular customers, they realized that they needed to increase the varieties on the menu. Then they added many new dishes and each time a new dish was tried out the customers feedback was taken into account and further decisions were made based on this. The employees understand their role and responsibilities towards the company. There are opportunities for both top-down bottom-up communication as it is necessary for the restaurant use both ways for communication. Bottom-up is moves as per the system and used in several area like: Motivation teams, mounting knowledge opportunities, replicating human development, increasing communication, improve confidence. A business needs to develop a strategy that is a balance of both the top-down and bottom-up in order to be effective. The top-down approach includes leadership development, equal employment and zero tolerance policies, training, recruitment and retention programmes, social responsibility initiatives, linking diversity to business goals and cultural-change initiatives. This approach is required for top level leaders in order to visualize and articulate the creation of an inclusive environment inside the organization. Implementing of these requires hard work and the ability to see the restaurant from the bottom-up. Bottom-up strategies is more process focused. It focuses more on an individual. To identify that every person is different and it can happen only one person at a time. Hence different learning solutions and strategies have to be made as per each individual. Most often it is the responsibility of the top management during an issue or problem but in bottom-up approach its the responsibility of each individual (Winters, 2010). In a zero tolerance policy the employees will hesitate to say anything thinking they might get fired but in a bottom-up approach it is a natural work team where there is more of learning in order to understand better and hence helps the team to perform more effectively. By using the bottom-up approach every leader right from the team leader to the top position all are teachers. Through their own behavior they project themselves as thought leaders or primary teachers. Top-down approach is more for the office while the bottom-down is more for the team. Everybody has a say in the organization hence more chance of improving the restaurant (Winters, 2010). Due to all these above reasons the restaurant has to balance the two approaches and not follow just one. From the study on Masala restaurant it is found that the restaurant does not have a balance between the two approaches. In order to make this a success every member should get involved in the restaurant. If the restaurant uses only the top-down then there are chances of the diversity initiative stopping in the middle or even before it starts. By the time the messages or information reaches the lower level it could have changed, issues misunderstood and an important goal or strategy may reach in the end as a mere thought. In such a case the restaurant will lose time and money of all those who are involved. Work teams and group dynamics The work environment in the restaurant is a bit relaxed and everything depends on the line manager who is currently responsible for everything. There are two types of managers: those who exercise their power and show their leadership qualities obtained through experience and the other type are those who in order to get their team work done will take everything upon themselves and do most of the team members tasks. In most cases the managers tend to be calm and are indistinguishable from other employees. Team work is categorized based on different field of specialization. Some are appointed according to different experience and some as per the requirement. The manager creates a team and defines their roles and responsibilities. They focus on what they have to deliver and what their final destination is. Every team has a team leader, who always creates or subdivides task for the team and manage his/her group members in helping them achieve their goal and create doorways by motivating them to get them to better success which will help in their promotion path. The processes which have to be followed by an organization to ensure productive team performance are: By developing goals and plans for everyday use. Enhance communication among every member in the team Decision making and solving problems Building and maintaining positive relationships with crews. Resolve conflicts. Managers always initiate the task, whatever the task may be. The first step is taken by the manager and he decides the allocation of teams and schedules. General Manager has the superior authority because Manager reports to the General manager and he given all the ideas about task maintenance and role performance, Once he allocates them then manager has the authority to distribute it. There are several ways to get the team output but generally the Masala restaurant use audit tools to see the performance parameter and get the team resolutions. Stakeholder communication A stakeholder is any individual or organization whoever is affected by the businesss activities. They can be directly or indirectly be interested in the company. They can be in contact with the company on daily basis or on certain occasions. It can be the owners, the employee, the customers, the suppliers, the marketers or the advertisers and more. Every stakeholders priorities are different. The owners want good profit and sell quality food at cheap prices. For the suppliers it is to supply good quality ingredients and other necessities at competitive price to the restaurant and as well make good profit. For the customers it is good and tasty food at cheap price. For the marketers and advertisers it is profit. For the employees it is a totally different reason a good salary, regular pay hike and scope for growth within the restaurant. Health inspectors too are stakeholders as their analysis result and certification is what builds up the confidence in the customers mind that the place they are eating in is as per the quality standards and hygiene. There are various such stakeholders as mentioned above who are directly or indirectly linked by the activities of the restaurant, but out of all these the most important one is the customer. The running of the business and its profits depends on the customers. Organization culture employee obligations The culture and ambience in the restaurant is very friendly. The manager and its team of employees are very happy and satisfied working in the restaurant. They are content with their own responsibilities but it is not helping the restaurant. The manager being at the higher level is in a position to exercise his power, take decisions and act accordingly. When there are new employees who are in the learning process, the manager usually takes charge. He patiently does the work of the employees whenever required. He sometimes deals with customers till the employees learn. In most companies the managers use various approaches to sell their products and give utmost customer satisfaction. It is the role of the manager to be able to take orders, feedback and other alternatives in order to make their decision, not just to give orders. The more a manager is close to the team the better are the results at later stages of development and the employees become comfortable to go beyond the actual r ole activities. (Northhouse, 2007). Communication Technologies and tools Effective communication is required for any business to function properly. If workers dont communicate with one another the business cannot go a long way. This could result in the form of missed or wrong deliveries, mix up of food and customer specification. Nowadays companies use sharepoint, intranet sites, instant messaging and email. Intranet sites are helpful for small businesses to update or keep their employees in the track of communicating new information. The workers can add about business wins, post job opportunities and sometimes put up periodic surveys (Conrad, 2012). The most important and valuable form of communication among businesses is instant messaging. This has become more superior then email. The managers and supervisors can keep a check on their workers such as if they have signed in and if they are at their desks or work. The answers for the business are also very instant and quick compared to emails. However emails are still effective and widely used, especially if it is one to one communication. Through online marketing the businesses can also let visitors and others outside New Zealand to know about their restaurant and can give them international offers. Conclusion Masala restaurant is a small and growing business in New Zealand. The restaurant has a good and tasty menu catering to people from various countries with their various foods. In the beginning the restaurant was open only during the weekends but now is open seven days a week and have customers throughout the week. After introducing the bar section there has been more people visiting the restaurant. The restaurant is a medium scale restaurant and the food is affordable by all, but the staff appointed are not very educated and do not come from the food industry. There are no growth opportunities in the restaurant for the educated people hence those with no experience and required qualifications do not join the restaurant. The manager is the one leading the whole show. If the people appointed are from the industry and have certain knowledge of the food industry, it will help reduce the burden on the manager and make it easier to deal with the customers. The workers will not approach the manager for everything and will be able to decide and sort out things in a better way. The restaurant has a huge scope and potential to grow if there are more investors and the business moves away from being a sole proprietorship. Opening of franchises will help the restaurant to grow and reach a large number of people. Introduction of recipes using seasonal foods too will be an added advantage. An in-house training if provided will give the workers scope for a better future and hence people from the industry would think of joining the restaurant. From the field study done it has been observed that there needs to be a change in the companys values and objectives. A change in the work culture will greatly help the restaurant in future growth. Recommendations Organization structure and communication Channels On doing the research I found that there is still scope for the restaurant to perform much better in future. I would like to recommend that the managers can make the employees perform and enjoy their work if there are many activities involving both the management and the employees. This way the employees will be freer to convey better and give customers feedback to the restaurant. The managers constant support does not get the utmost from the employees. The manager for better performance of his team puts more effort where the employees are not doing a committed or serious work. Communication Technologies and tools Masala restaurant does not have a proper website. There is a need to have a new website with constant updating. They can send emails to customers informing them of latest offers and new additions to the menu. They can also market through social websites like facebook and other networks. Apart from all these they can also advertise in papers or through pamphlets and flyers. The restaurant can go global and also open more franchises. Each branch can be owned independently. This way the restaurant can grow. They need to install new machinery like latest baking machines and upgrade as high tech as possible taking care of the financial aspect. By developing their website they can also introduce door delivery and undertake small contracts such as birthday parties and social get together. Work teams and group dynamics The environment has to be friendlier and knowledge based, so that the team works well and communicates effectively among themselves. Sometimes there are issues where one employee does not tell the other employee what feedback a customer has given. It is very important in the food industry to know the tastes, likes and wants of the customers. Every conversation is an important feedback to better the restaurant. The food has too much sweetness, which is not liked by many Asians. Care should be taken on this. Handling of the bar too requires attention. Staff needs to be trained. Most of the employees are Indians it will help if they have a few locals or a multi-cultured environment. This will bring diverse customers through the employees too. To motivate the employees they can introduce rewards like incentives, food coupons, free weekend trip. This is the way to keep the entire employee up to date and attentive. There is another way to create Employee of the month and team of the month in the restaurant. Stakeholder Communication Stakeholders involvement is very important. The restaurant is not very involved or interested in communicating with their suppliers. Regular meetings with them will give better feedback. Discounts on certain days kept aside for the family and friends of suppliers and the employees will bring in more people. Stakeholders are the fastest mode of communication. By Word-of-mouth more people are likely to visit the restaurant as it builds confidence in new visitors who are trying the restaurant for the first time. Apart from profits other goals like quality and hygiene are to be taken care of too. Following the above recommendations will help Masala restaurant to reap better profits and expand their branches. Better strategies and company policies involving the recommendations will also to a certain extent bring down the issues faced in the restaurant and develop an interest among the employees to learn new things. Apart from that there is scope for the employees to grow. Value to the Organization This business report is really helpful to the organization because in this I worked out on the various issues related to the communication have some points which can be helpful to the organization with the help of the report they can improve their communication process or they also come to know about the problem at their communication system. In my report I also recommend some ideas, which I learn during my study. According to me, it will give some more benefits and clear communication system. During my report I found many things, like masala restaurant have their 8 branches all over the new Zealand, It is family owned business, now the owner of masala is jyoti jain. She looks after all the branches. My report helps them in many ways because I analyze all the categories and provide the best recommendations. If they use that ideas it may help them to become a challenger to their competitors. So according to me they make a specific person or way to convey the messages or communication. Email, video calling is good example for clear communication. It helps the organizations into many ways

The Problem of Lack of Exercise for Children Essay example -- Children

The Problem of Lack of Exercise for Children 10 years ago, many Parents didn't have to work at getting young children to be active. Most children were constantly in continual motion. But these days even young children are inactive and more dependent upon adults to provide them with different forms of exercise such as sport. Lack of exercise is a major reason for the growing rate of obesity among children. One cause of this is the new modern day technologies which have boomed in this generation and therefore have created ‘couch potato’ children. Examples of these ‘distractions’ are computer games and television. Watching TV for even as few as two to five hours per week is linked to being overweight and as a result of this, the percentage of overweight children had doubled in the last 30 years. Dr Aric Sigman, of the British Psychological Society explains that most of the unpleasant health affects recognized that are linked with TV viewing are related to duration of viewing. He quotes that â€Å"There's nothing to be lost by watching less TV but a great deal to be lost by continuing to watch as we do†. Another Cause of obesity is unhealthy junk food. The varieties of foods have also changed in the last 10 years. Nowadays, children are excessively eating more fatty foods such as chocolate or chips which therefore increase the figures of obesity in children every year. 2o percent of British children are overweight and 10 percent are obese. Benefits of exercise: Exercise can help strengthen children's bones now as well as later in life. Children who partake in weight-bearing, impact sports such as running, gymnastics a... ...PA's (The British United Provident Association is a global health and care organisation) assistant medical director Dr. Paula Franklin says: "With the growing problems of childhood and adult obesity in Britain it is vital that we inspire young people to exercise regularly and eat healthily. Research also suggests that regular exercise affects overall well-being and can even have a positive impact on academic grades." In conclusion, yes it is a problem that our children aren’t enough exercise due to all the health problems they could face in the future. Daily exercise has many positive factors which is why adults should encourage physical activities such as sport as much as possible, especially because of all the modern day unhealthy distractions that children face.

Consequences of High Interest Rates in the Ghanaian Economy…..

Interest rates are among the closely watched variables in the economy. The media on daily bases record their movement because they affect our everyday lives and have crucial consequences for the health of the economy. They affect personal decisions as whether to consume or save, whether to buy a house and whether to purchase bonds or put funds into a savings account. Interest rates also affect the economic decisions of households or businesses such as whether to put their money in the bank or invest in new equipments for factories.Before continuing, we must understand exactly what interest rates mean. By holding financial instruments , such as loans or bonds. Savers and financial institutions extend credits to those individuals or firms that issue the instruments. The amount of credit extended is the principal amount of the loan or the bond. Those who hold financial instruments do so because they receive payments from the issuers in the form of interest. The percentage return earned is the interest rate or rate of return.Rate of return is the price of credit in financial markets and is usually expressed as a percentage (%) of the total amount borrowed that is to be paid each year (over and above the repayment of the principal, or amount borrowed). Thus, it is the price of credit of the rate of exchange between the present and the future. Rate of returns (r) vary given interest rate (i). It is the value of i that just equates the present value (PV) of the benefits of the extra capital when discounted at i to its cost (Pk). That is, r is defined as : r=MRP/Pk, where: MRP=Marginal Revenue Product Pk= CostWe would however, take a look at how interest rate is calculated, various theoretical analyses that seek to explain the determination of interest rates, distinctions between nominal and real interest rates. Finally, we shall relate it to the case of the Ghanaian economy and look at the consequences of the high interest rates in Ghana. CONCEPTS OF INTEREST YIELD/RA TE Interest yields on financial instruments are thought of in different ways. The most important of these are Nominal Yield Current Yield Yield to Maturity NOMINAL YIELD Assuming that a bond is issued in an amount of 100,000 with an agreement to pay 6000 in interest every year.The annual payment of 6000 is the bond’s annual coupon return. This is simply the fixed amount of interest that the bond yields each year. The nominal yield on a bond is equal to rN= C/F, where rN is the nominal yield, C is the coupon return and F is the face amount of the bond. The annual yield of the 100,000bond with the 6000 coupon yield or return is equal to 6000 / 1000,000=0. 06 or 6 percent. Current Yield The current secondary market price of the bond typically is not the face value of the bond. Bonds often sell in the secondary market at prices that are different from their face value.For this reason, those contemplating on bond purchase often are interested in the current yield of a bond. This e quals to r i =C/P Where ri denotes the current market yield, C is the coupon return and P is the current market price of a bond. For instance, the current market price of a bond with a face value of 100,000 might be 90,000. If the coupon return on the bond is 6,000 per year, then annual current yield on this bond is equal to 6,000/90,000=0. 667 or 6. 7 percent. Yield on Maturity A bond’s yield on maturity is the rate of return if the bond is held until maturity.Calculating this yield can be complicated, however, because the bonds normally differ. Typically, bonds are sold at a discount, below its face value. Hence, other things being equal, the bond holder receives an automatic capital gain if the bond is held to maturity. A capital gain occurs when the value of a financial asset at the time it is redeemed or sold is higher than its market value when it was purchased. Consequently, the bond pays a coupon return. The yield to maturity must account for both the capital gain and the coupon returns that a bond yields to its owner. MEASURING INTEREST RATESThe financial credit market instrument can be classified under four types ?Simple Loan This provides the borrower with an amount of funds (principal) which at the maturity date must be repaid to the lender along with an additional amount known as an interest payment. Supposing, a bank made you a simple loan of 100,000 for one year, you would have to pay the principal of 100,000 in one year’s time along with an additional interest payment of say 10,000 given interest rate to be 10%. Most often, commercial bank loans to businesses are often of this type. ?Fixed payment loan:This provides the borrower with an amount of funds that he is to repay by making the same payment every month, which comprises part of the principal and interest for a given number of years. For example, if you borrowed 100,000, a fixed payment loan might require you to pay 12,600 every year for 25 years. ?Coupon Bond A coupon bond pays the owner of the bond a fixed interest payment every year until the maturity date, when a specified final amount is repaid. For example, a coupon bond with 100,000 face values might pay you a coupon payment of 10,000 per year for 10 years and at the maturity date repays you the face value amount of 100,000. Discount Bond A discount bond is bought at a price below its face value (at a discount) and the face value is repaid at the maturity date. However, unlike the coupon bond, the discount bond makes no interest payment. It just pays off the face value. For example, a discount bond with a face value of 100,000 might be bought for ? 90000 and in a year’s time the owner would be repaid a face value of 100,000. These four types of instruments require payments at different times. Simple loan and discount bonds make payment only at their maturity dates, while fixed payment loans and coupon bonds have payments periodically until maturity.The decision as to which of the instrume nts provides you with more income is difficult since they all make payments at different times. To solve this problem, the concept of present value was invented to provide us with a procedure for measuring interest rate on these different types of instruments, Present Value (PV) approach shows the present value Ao of a known amount An, to be received in ‘n’ years assuming compound interest is at the rate ( i) . The present value (PV) formula is Ao=An/(1+i)n NORMINAL VERSUS REAL RATES OF INTEREST So far we have discussed interest rates only in current cedi terms.There is, however, a problem with this. Inflation can erode the value of interest received when a financial instrument matures. Any individual must take this into account when evaluating how much to save. For instance, supposing that a saver can earn a stated current cedi interest rate or nominal interest rate of r=0. 06(6%) on each cedi that he allocates to a one year bond. Supposing also that the saver expects that prices of goods and services would rise by a factor, ? e=0. 03(3%) Where ? e is expected rate of inflation. This is the rate of inflation that he expects to face.Such inflation would reduce the amount of goods and services that his interest would permit him to purchase. Thus, although the saver earns post interest on the bonds he anticipates the inflation will eat away at that interest and the rate ? e. Hence, the real interest rate that this saver anticipated or his expected inflation-adjusted interest rate is approximately equal r = r-? e r = 0. 06-0. 03=0. 03, Where r = real interest and r = nominal interest rate. In terms of what his savings can buy this saver actually anticipates earnings only 3% on his one year bond.A rate of return in current-cedi terms that does not reflect anticipated inflation is known as Nominal Interest Rate. The anticipated rate of return from holding a financial instrument after taking into account the extent to which inflation is expected to redu ce to the amount of goods and services that this return could be used to buy is termed as Real Interest Rate. The real interest rate is crucial for determining how much the individual desires to save. The reason is that savings is foregone consumption. This individual is likely to give up more consumption if the real rate of return on savings is large.This means that the real interest rate is a crucial determinant of the saving in the nation where this saver is a citizen. Countries with high nominal interest rates often experience very low saving rates because expected inflation is so high. THEORIES OF INTEREST RATES Various theories have been propounded by various economists to explain the determination of interest rates. However we would focus on three main theories namely; †¢Classical theory †¢Neo-classical/Loanable funds Theory †¢Keynesian/Liquidity Preference Theory CLASSICAL /REAL THEORY OF INTEREST RATESThis theory by Marshall and Pigou uses savings and investm ent in determining interest rates. The theory equates investment to demand for capital or supply of bonds (i. e. , sales of bonds). and savings to supply of Capital or Demand for bonds (i. e. purchases of bonds). Hence interest rate is determined when investment equals savings as illustrated below Figure 1. INVESTMENTS – SAVINGS COMBINATION IN THE BONDS MARKET Where B (supply of bonds) = I( investment ) B (demand for bonds )= S (savings) r is the equilibrium rate of interest at where S=IAccording to the classicals, there are only two groups of people in the market to provide bonds; investors and government. Firms sell bonds in order to have capital or funds for investments. The sale of bonds however, depends on the expected rate of returns and the cost in selling the bonds. Hence bond price is expressed as PB=Y/r where PB=Bond Price , Y=rate of returns and r= interest rate, implying an inverse relationship between Bond prices and interest rates, Expected rate of returns is as sumed fixed, and when interest rate rises above the rate of returns, it affects the relationship between investment and interest rate.Assumptions: †¢The classicals assume that, †¢Income is constant †¢The saving-investment schedules are independent of one another Criticisms: †¢Keynes asserts that income is variable and not constant and that the equality between savings and investment is brought about by changes in income and not by variations in the rate of interest. †¢Keynes also states that the saving-investment schedules are not independent of one another THE NEO-CLASSICAL/LOANABLE FUNDS THEORY This theory explains the determination of interest in terms of demand and supply of loanable funds or credit.The theory defines rate of interest as the price of credit which is determined by the demand and supply for loanable funds. According to Prof. Lerner, it is the price which equates the supply of credit or saving plus the net increase in the amount of money in a period to the demand for credit or investment plus net hoarding in the period Demand for Loanable Funds. Three main entities of demand for loanable funds; governments, business men and consumers need them for purposes of investment, hoarding and consumption. Government borrows funds for constructing public works.Business men borrow for the purchase of capital goods and for investment projects. Such borrowings are interest elastic and depend mostly on the expected rate of profit. Individual consumers however may demand loanable funds for the purchase of durable consumer goods like houses. These borrowings are also interest elastic. At lower rates of interest, people borrow more than at higher rates of interest in order to enjoy their consumption now. Supply of loanable funds The supply of loanable funds comes from savings, dishoardings and bank credit.The main sources of supply of loanable funds are private, individual and corporate savings. Savings depend on the level of income. For a given level of income savings will depend on interest rate, and the higher the interest rate the greater will be the inducement to save and vice versa. This saving is referred to as Personal Savings. Corporate savings are the undistributed profits of firms and it also depends on current rate of interest to some extent. High interest rate deters borrowing and thus encourages savings. Dishoarding may also occur when interest rate is high or increases.Thus, one dishoards (ie, releasing hoarded money or idle money holdings), if the cost of holding that money increases as a result of high interest rate. Hence, there is a positive relationship between interest rate and dishoarding. Banks also give credit when the borrowing rate is high. That is when interest rate on credit payable by borrowers is high, hence a positive relationship between interest rate and bank credit. Criticisms: †¢Savings not interest elastic. The theory over emphasis the influence of the rate of interest on savings as interest elastic.Thus, people save not only to earn rate of interest but also for other purposes like precautionary motive, hence savings are interest inelastic. †¢The theory is also criticized for combining monetary factors with real factors making it unrealistic. †¢Equilibrium rate reflects unstable equilibrium. The demand and supply schedules for loanable funds determine the equilibrium rate of interest OR which does not equate each component on the supply side with the corresponding components on the demand side. KEYNESIAN/ LIQUIDITY PREFERENCE THEORYKeynes defines interest rate as the price which equilibrates the desire to hold wealth in the form of cash that is the demand and supply of money determines interest rates. The supply of money is considered fixed and exogenously determined (that is inelastic). Demand for money is also called liquidity preference which is the desire to hold money. In this case, interest rate is the premium which has to be offere d to induce people to hold their wealth in some form other than hoarded money. According to Keynes, speculative demand for money is determined by interest rate and bond prices.He considered the current interest (i) as that which determines the speculative demand for money. The higher the rate of interest, the lower the speculative demand for money. At very low rate of interest people will rather prefer to keep their money in cash than investing in bonds because purchasing of bonds will mean a loss. Determination of interest rates The equilibrium interest rate is determined at a point where the supply and demand for money equilibrates. At the point of liquidity trap, there is the belief that interest rate will not fall but will at a point in time rise hence investors hold money against future rise in interest rate.Criticisms: †¢The theory is considered as indeterminate by Prof. Handson. Keynes asserts the liquidity preference determines the interest rates. The problem is that a new liquidity preference curve would have to be drawn at each level of income. This indicates that income levels will have to be known before otherwise, the supply and demand for money curves cannot tell us what the interest rates will be. †¢Hicks and others were of the view that interest rate is determined by the following; i. Investment demand function ii. Savings function iii. Liquidity preference function iv. Quantity of money function.They are present in Keynes theory but not all are the interest rate analysis. Keynes ignores investment and savings, hence his theory is considered as incomplete. TRENDS IN SAVINGS AND LENDING RATES IN THE GHANAIAN ECONOMY (1994-2004). YEAR19941995199619971998199920002001200220032004 LENDING RATE31. 2440. 5641. 7143. 5838. 536. 54743. 7536. 3632. 7528. 8 DEPOSITE RATE21. 3726. 7532. 2432. 320. 215. 3925. 817. 4312. 4911. 969. 87 INTEREST SPREAD9. 8713. 819. 4711. 2818. 321. 1121. 226. 3223. 8720. 7918. 9 The interest spread was calculated as a difference in the averages of the lending and the deposit rates covering the said period.Between 1997 and 2001, the interest spread increased and subsequently started falling at a slightly varying decreasing rate. This was the period when the lending rates were high 43. 75% in 2001, down from 47% in 2000 because of the high inflation rate and the general turbulence within the economy. The corresponding deposit rate was 17. 43%. Between the years 2001 and 2004, the average interest spread was 23. 66%. This rate of profits of the commercial banks, heralded the spiral influx of foreign banks especially from neighbour Nigeria. It has been taunted that the banking sector is doing very well.In reality there has not been much competition between the existing banks, hence the high lending rate as well as their profits. They tended to act as collusive oligopolies. Recent developments and trends in the banking sector has been that, competition at long last has set in. For instance the Zenit h Bank has unilaterally decided to reduce it’s lending rate 14. 1% with respect to the general rate. This will result in much more innovation in the sector resulting in better banking services and a general reduction in the interest rate as pertained in competitive markets.From the existing trends, especially as indicated in the graph above, other sectors of the economy will take advantages of the low interest rate to boost up investments and hence output with a resultant increase in the GDP. This is the miracle of interest rates. HIGH VERSUS LOW INTEREST RATES IN THE GHANAIAN ECONOMY. In most economies including Ghana, interest rates are largely influenced by the prime rate which is the rate at which the central bank gives over-night loans to the commercial banks. Thus, when Bank of Ghana (BOG) fixes its prime rate, interest rates are adjusted depending on the direction of the prime rate.There is however a positive relationship between prime rate and interest rates. When pri me rate is set high or low interest rates are also fixed relatively high or low. For instance, interest rates followed a declining pattern in 2003. The monetary policy committee of BOG revised the prime rate downwards from 21. 5% in 2003 to 18. 5% in 2004. In line with this downward revision, the commercial banks’ base rates dropped from an average of 29. 0% to 25. 4%. Interest rates for the 91-day treasury bill dropped from 18. 71% at the beginning of the year to 17. 8% at the close of December 2004. The inter-bank interest rate also dropped from 17. 12% in January to 16. 23% at the end of December. Interest rates, however, low or high have both favourable and adverse effects on the economy of a country. During periods of high interest rates investment falls and savings increase and vice versa in the case of low interest rates. The table and graph below shows interest rates, 1998-2004 and interest rate margins respectively. YEAR1998199920002001200220032004 SAVINGS22262929. 2 525. 232319. 25 TIME DEPOSITS914. 7513. 520. 520. 1418. 515. 5Holders of stocks lose during periods of high interest rates and holders of money (cash) gain though money earns zero interest. In periods of economic boom, high interest rates might be needed to check inflation, while low interest rates will be needed to stimulate investments and create employment in recessions. In between these two extremes, interest rates are adjusted up or down depending on prevailing economic conditions. High interest rates will slow down the economy and cripple the private sector. Investors cannot access funds from financial institutions, thus creating low level of investments.It will also be tempting to invest available funds in high yielding bonds than in infrastructural business investments. This will reduce spending, shrink national output and bring down inflation. Low level of investments will therefore create unemployment. The central bank reacts by lowering interest rates using the sight depo sit rate (inter-bank transaction rate with commercial banks also referred to as the key rate). Low interest rates stimulate the economy. Investors can access low-cost capital for investment. Employment increases, and the national output increases.Low interest rates therefore allow for borrowing and spending, but then, inflation will also pick up. As inflation picks up, companies can increase employment, since real wages decrease. Successive increase in interest rate leads to inflation. Inflation however bad for an economy also leads to reducing unemployment rates since there is a negative relationship between inflation rate and unemployment rate. CONSEQUENCES OF HIGH INTEREST RATES IN THE GHANAIAN ECONOMY. High interest rates have certain repercussions in the Ghanaian economy. Prior to 1987, there was a decline in economic growth and development in Ghana due to high interest rates.Current high interest rates on bank loans (over 25%) and treasury bills (17%) have been a serious imped iment to raising capital in the local market. private sector growth in Ghana has been constrained by limited financing opportunity for private investments. High interest rates lead to crowding out of the private sector in the money market; it makes available loanable funds to the government. Thus, lenders of loanable funds shift lending to only the government with the surety that there is 100% safety in retrieving their money since they believe that governments do not die.Studies done in the past show that the growth process in Ghana has been driven mostly by public investments. As a result, some have attributed the lack of accelerated growth to a combination of weak investment and low productivity from the private sector. Hence the current government in its manifesto promised to make the private sector the engine of growth by providing the right socio-economic framework. For example, the government through the monetary policy committee of the bank of Ghana (BOG) managed to reduce t he Bank’s Prime Rate from 21. % in 2003 to 18. 5% in 2004 and currently down from 15. 5% at the beginning of 2006 to 14. 5%. When the prime rate fell, the BOG was expecting a corresponding decrease in commercial bank lending rates but its evident that the private sector is not responding to such developments; commercial bank lending rates have ranged between 18. 5% and 33. 5% as indicated by the Governor of the BOG. This has been a major concern for small and medium scale enterprises that cannot access loans at these exorbitant rates to expand their activities High interest rate may lead to increase in debt ratio that is, when interest rate is set high, cost of governments borrowing increases, interest payments increases and total debt increases. When government wants to finance its debt, it either prints out or borrows money to finance its debt. However if the government wants to avoid the former which usually leads to inflation, it falls on borrowing to finance its debt. Th ese borrowings also attract interest payment which increases the total debt payment in economy.For instance, profile of interest rates in Ghana reveals the real rates ranging from 10% to 21. 7% in 1996 to 1999. The high rates which are more than 100% between 1996 and 1999 worsen the debt burden. It is clear that since1997, borrowing from domestic sources was not even enough to finance the deficit as a result of high interest payments, thus for the last half of the 1990’sthe country had to borrow externally and/or print money to finance the deficit. For instance, in 1995 change in domestic debt was 200. 9 billion cedis but interest payment was 232. billion cedis which is over and above the change in domestic debt. As in year 2000 change in domestic debt was just 855. 5 billion cedis but interest payment was1446. 2 billion cedis over and above the change in debt. Consequently, as a result of the borrowing (i. e. domestic and external) it contributed to a high rate of growth of our debt that led to a state of bankruptcy in which the government failed to honour its debt obligation. As a result, in 2001 the Ghanaian economy was declared H. I. P. C. ?The need for the government to make interest payments on large debt may contribute to inflation.For example ,inflation may result if the government decides to finance interest payment, not by collecting taxes, instead by borrowing. For instance, prior to year 2000, the government of Ghana depended on borrowing to finance its debt as a result inflation recorded at that period was very high ( i. e. 41%). ?At very high rate of interest people hold bonds or save money rather than investing. Inflation occurs as a result of higher prices of goods and services, cost of living become very high, the poor and low income earners suffer economic hardships.Between 1980 and 1983 in Ghana, inflation was very high not forgetting interest rate as well. This led to economic hardships in 1983. ?High interest rate deprives both loca l and foreign investors from investing in the economy. This disturbs economic growth and development. In Ghana, when interest rates are high foreign investors invest in capital goods rather than in productive ventures. In spite of the consequences of high interest rate, there are also some benefits. The truism that high interest rate contributes to high inflation rate reduces unemployment ratio in the economy.In Ghana for instance, the economy has achieved respectable rate of GDP growth averaging over 4% in the 1990s as compared to the negative average growth rate over the period 1970 -1983. However, the average inflation rate fell to about 19% in 1998 relative to 122% in 1983 due to increase in employment levels or a reduction in unemployment levels as one of the factors responsible for this trend. ?High interest rate serves as a tool for monetary control in the economy. Through the use of the open market operation (OMO), where the economy is operating beyond its full employment le vel.That is when it is considered as being hot; the rate of interest can be increased by the central bank in the purchases of previously issued governments bonds. This mops up excess liquidity thereby reducing the money supply in the economy. The result is that demand for money now exceeds money supply thereby bidding up interest rate. This slows down the growth rate to an acceptable level enabling the economy to operate at full employment level. ?During periods of high interest rate, financial institutions records very high turn-overs. Governments tend to earn high tax revenue through taxes charged on banks’ turnovers.The bank of Ghana’s annual report (1997), recorded a high turn-over as a result of high interest rates as shown in the table below . The Central Bank maintained its rediscount rate at 45. 00per cent throughout the year under review. Money market rates were also fairly stable in the year. The 91-day Treasury Bill discount rate for example remained at 42. 80 per cent through November before declining to 42. 48 per cent at the end of the year. The commercial banks’ borrowing rates were also generally stable throughout the year. Rates for savings deposits moved up slightly from 22. 50-31. 0% to 22. 50-32. 00% and the range for call money from 25. 00-31. 00% to 24. 00-34. 00% per annum. The bank’s lending rates however, showed some upward trends. Rates for the Agricultural sector (usually the lowest) moved up from 30. 00 –47. 00% to 35. 00 – 49. 00% per annum while that for the miscellaneous (usually the highest) rose from 41. 50 – 48. 00% per cent to 41. 50 – 51. 00% per annum. INTEREST RATES (Percent Per Annum) 1994199519961997 DecemberDecemberDecemberDecember 1. CENTRAL BANK a. Rediscount Rate (Bank Rate)33. 0045. 0045. 0045. 00 b. Treasury Bill Discount Rate(91days)29. 040. 5042. 8042. 48 2. DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS A. Borrowing Rates. (%) i. Demand deposits4. 00-13. 445. 00-10. 005. 00-10. 005. 00-15. 00 ii. Savings Deposits13. 75-22. 5021. 50-31. 0022. 50-31. 5022. 50-32. 00 iii. Time Deposits 1 month22. 00-26. 5026. 00-32. 5029. 00-37. 0029. 00-37. 00 3 months14. 50-31. 0025. 00-36. 0025. 00-40. 5025. 00-39. 00 6 months14. 75-31. 0022. 75-37. 0032. 00-39. 2532. 00-39. 50 12 months14. 00-31. 0023. 50-36. 0027. 75-39. 5027. 75-39. 75 24 months22. 00-29. 2524. 00-35. 0027. 50-35. 0024. 00-35. 00 36 months26. 50-29. 0035. 0035. 0030. 00-38. 00 iv.Certificate of Deposits13. 75-24. 5023. 50-37. 0025. 00-37. 0025. 00-37. 00 v. Call Money25. 00-33. 5024. 00-34. 00 vi. Any other20. 00-24. 0022. 50-25. 0022. 50-33. 0022. 50-33. 00 B. Lending Rates. (%) i. Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing22. 50-35. 5028. 00-47. 0030. 00-47. 0035. 00-49. 00 ii. Export Trade20. 38-35. 5034. 25-47. 0030. 00-47. 0035. 00-49. 00 iii. Manufacturing26. 00-35. 5033. 00-47. 0039. 00-47. 0039. 00-49. 00 iv. Mining & Quarrying29. 00-37. 5030. 00-47. 5035. 00-47. 5035. 00-49. 00 v. Construction29. 00-37. 5039. 00-47. 5041. 00-47. 5041. 50-49. 00 vi. Other Sector29. 00-37. 039. 00-47. 5041. 50-48. 0041. 50-51. 00 Source: Bank of Ghana During the year under review, total outstanding credit granted by commercial banks to public institutions and the private sector increased by ? 474. 8 billion or 64. 8 per cent to ? 1,207. 2 billion. This compares with an increase of ? 299. 8 billion or 69. 3 per cent in the previous year. The Commerce and Finance sector recorded the highest increase of ? 84. 5 billion followed by Cocoa Marketing sector which registered an increase of ? 78. 2 billion. Significant increases were also recorded in outstanding credit to Manufacturing (? 1. 5 Billion), Construction (? 53. 2 billion), Services (? 49. 7 billion), Mining and Quarrying (? 36. 7 billion) and Import Trade (? 18. 8 billion). Credit for Cocoa financing showed an unusually large increase as a result of financial accommodation given to COCOBOD in the face of a larger than expected crop size. In conclusion, the various levels of interest rate (that is high or low) affect the economy in diverse ways (i. e. positively and negatively). However the optimum benefits derived from those varying levels of interest rates depends on prudent economic management.The interest rate problem does not rest with Government and the Bank of Ghana only but also the commercial banks. The rising rates of interest are acts perpetuated by the banks for more profit and these rates charged by the commercial banks are just too high and that is what hurt investors. In addition, the banks impose charges and commissions which are completely inexplicable. REFERENCES: ?Business and Financial times issue number 689 ?Bank of Ghana Annual report (1997) ?The state of the Ghanaian economy (2004) ?The internet (Nii K. Sowa, CEPA, Inflation and interest rate fixation in Ghana) ?Article by Ampong Owusu Kwabena -Bsc engineering KNUST, Masters in international business (NORWAY), and Masters in Financial Economics (NORWAY). ?Man aging Ghana’s Dept. – Nii K. Sowa, CEPA, Accra ?Henderson and Poole; Principles of Economics ?David C. Colander: Economics ?Miller, R. L and D. D. Van Hoose; Money, Banking and Financial Market ? Miskkin F. S: The Economics of Money and Banking and Financial Markets ? Dr. Henry D. Jackson: An Introduction to Macroeconomics 1999 ? Dr. Henry D. Jackson- McConnell Brue: Economics, 5th Edition.

John Wycliffe and the English Language Essays

John Wycliffe and the English Language Essays John Wycliffe and the English Language Essay John Wycliffe and the English Language Essay John Wycliffe was born in 1320 at Wycliffe in Yorkshire, educated and worked at Oxford, and died while at Mass on December 31, 1384.He is known as one of the first English reformers, a heresiarch of the Wycliffite (or Lollard) movement, and as one of the first translators of the Vulgate Bible into English, although his actual involvement in this latter project has been questioned (cf. Hudson).His work in the endeavors of â€Å"vernacular theology† (i.e.: the translation of Scripture and dissemination of theology in the English vernacular) served to raise the English language to a footing more on par with Latin and French within the sphere of religion.Margot Lawrence claimed that Wycliffe’s most profound influence on the history of language is the fact that he â€Å"[h]e did for Middle English prose what Chaucer did for poetry, making English a competitor with French and Latin; his sermons were written when London usage was coming together with t he East Midlands dialect, to form a standard language accessible to all† (O.C.E.L, 1135). While the grandiosity of such statements has been questioned, it has also been argued that current scholarship must acknowledge more completely the debt which present-day English owes Wycliffe (Aston,†Wycliffe,† 283.) In addition, to his contribution to an appreciation of the English vernacular, Wycliffe’s influence on the English language has been traced in the observed uniqueness of Lollard writings.Anne Hudson has set forth the preliminaries for an analysis of a possible separate Lollard vocabulary or idiom.She takes her cue from Henry Knighton, a contemporary hostile to Lollardy, who was recorded as noting a distinctive â€Å"eloquence† in Wycliffites.Hudson notes that in Wycliffite writings many instances are found where the semantic force of a word â€Å"appears to be, if not peculiar to Lollard texts, at least, characteristic of them† (Hudson., 170). It seems that a so

Nebuchadnezzar II essays

Nebuchadnezzar II essays When attempting to write a detailed biographical essay on an individual who lived twenty-seven centuries ago, one may find themselves overwhelmed by the lack of tangible evidence presented. Not only is the evidence difficult to come across, but most often, it seems to contradict itself. Furthermore, it appears the Germans and Italians are far more interested in the history of Mesopotamia than we. I cannot count the amount of times my searches were ended by books entitled, Hethitische or Hethiter. It is noteworthy to understand the complexity of an ancient historians situation. How is one to comprehend, truly comprehend, the lives of people and cultures that existed long before our civilization was even conceptualized if we are yet unable to discover the truths behind such immediate events as the identities of Jack the Ripper or John F. Kennedys assassin? And yet, I found myself enthralled by a character that, more than any other, filled my imagination with fantasies of tremendous pow er and splendor. My mind raced as my imagination wandered long ago to the height of Babylonian supremacy under the great King Nebuchadnezzar II. His name is mentioned over one hundred times in the Bible and his military campaigns changed the shape of the world for five decades. He was born into Chaldean culture. These were nomadic peoples who had recently gained power in Babylonia. He reigned as king from 605-562 BC. Although his accomplishments barely outlived him, he single-handedly rebuilt an empire that lay dormant for six hundred years to a status of grandeur and elegance unmatched by any of its time. Finally, he renovated Babylon to such an extent that its majestic beauty surpassed anything that existed in the ancient world and enchants modern day visitors worldwide hungry to catch a glimpse of the great kings magnificence. In the Talmud, Nebuchadnezar is presented as Nebuchadnezzar the Dwarf. And yet, the...

A New Use For The Prefix Cis-

A New Use For The Prefix Cis- A New Use For The Prefix Cis- A New Use For The Prefix Cis- By Maeve Maddox Writing about gendered pronouns recently, I mentioned that â€Å"cis female† is a gender choice on Facebook. The prefix cis- derives from a Latin preposition meaning â€Å"on this side of.† Cisalpine Gaul, for example, was the part of Gaul located on the Italian side of the Alps. The part on the far side of the Alps was Transalpine Gaul. More familiar prefixes derived from Latin prepositions are trans, â€Å"across, on the other side† and circum, â€Å"around.† One of their uses is to indicate location, as in this example: Armitage boldly observes, We are all Atlanticists now. Then, he defines three approaches to Atlantic history, which he calls Cis-Atlantic, Trans-Atlantic, and Circum-Atlantic. Circum-Atlantic history is the history of the people who crossed the Atlantic, who lived on its shores and who participated in the communities it made possible.- Review of The British Atlantic World, 1500-1800. Chemists use cis- as a prefix and as a free-standing adjective to designate â€Å"a compound in which two atoms or groups are situated on the same side of some plane of symmetry passing through the compound.† Here are some gender-related terms that are beginning to appear in the media: cisgender cissexual cis man cis woman cissexism cissexual assumption Here are examples of their usage: â€Å"Cissexual assumption†Ã‚  is a phrase coined by Julia Serano for her claim that  cissexual  people assume that all people experience  gender identity  in the same way. It seems that some of this trans woman hatred from cisgender women  is based on a fear that perhaps they are taking something from us. I’m a Cis Girl in Love with a Trans Guy. Cis writers in every media form are jumping on the trans  story  train. Cis- is the logical choice of prefix to denote â€Å"assigned at birth† in contrast with transgender, â€Å"not conforming to birth gender.† Unfortunately, with all such labels, the danger exists that cis may become an abusive epithet. The other evening, I heard the term â€Å"cis male† used in an episode of Blue Bloods. The character, a college girl, referred to another character as â€Å"a cis male.† Her facial expression and tone of voice made it clear that she was not using the term as a neutral designation. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Punctuate References to Dates and TimesOn Behalf Of vs. In Behalf OfAdvance vs. Advanced

IS HRM A SPECIALIST ROLE, OR SHOULD IT AND CAN IT BE LEFT TO THE LINE Essay

IS HRM A SPECIALIST ROLE, OR SHOULD IT AND CAN IT BE LEFT TO THE LINE MANAGER - Essay Example The human resource manager is a very vital part of the company he follows and keeps updates on all aspects of a company and its staff right from the time they apply for a job till the time they get hired. They keep checks on any and all training and development that is necessary and make all necessary amendments. The question these days has come about regarding the necessity of human resource departments and managers. And the similar curiosity as to whether there is actual need for a separate department or not It is also common wondering whether the role of the human resource manager is a specialist role or can it and should it be fulfilled by a line manager. Human resource is a very vital part of all organizations. They are responsible for the efficient and effective management of the Human capital. The main functions of Human resource managers are tracking the data points of each and every employee and staff member. Along with tasks such as selection, placement payroll and evaluati on. In order to make a reduction in the excessive work load of these activities organizations started to employ individuals to handle these specific areas and thus there came the human resource departments. And these days with technology at its peak these tasks are also being taken care of by automated computer based programs. Making it possible for the work of three separate human resource managers to be done by one that too with the click of a mouse key. This is the reason that the questions stated earlier regarding the need for HR departments have started coming up. In an attempt to answer the above stated questions, I would first like to state that Human resource management is a full department which comprises of not one but several individuals all known and Human resource managers. Human resource managers are all trained and equipped with knowledge in various fields and each possess specialized training in a certain field or industry and together they take care of training areas such as: MENTORING: That is a process of training and guiding new staff members by either doing it personally or assigning new members and potential candidates to already existing staff members in order to let them gain on the job learning and training. This is also a form of training where individuals receive hands on training and experience in their respective fields, before they are sent to take over their respective duties. PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT: Human resource departments and managers are responsible providing opportunities of professional growth and development for all existing staff members. This is done by providing new courses and seminars along with workshops so that staff members can be kept up to date with changing trends in their respective fields. TALENT IDENTIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT: This is a very important area in human resource management. This is an aspect which allows the opportunity of hiring well rounded and highly motivated employees. This aspect requires the human resource manager being able to identify and see exactly where and what other talents are possessed by the various hired staff members and how they can be used and employed to achieve the maximum amount of employee output and company benefit. SKILL MANAGEMENT & PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT: Skill management and talent management are interlinked qualities and it is the responsibility of all human resource ma

Module 5 - Case Gang Violence (CASE) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Module 5 - Case Gang Violence (CASE) - Essay Example Narcotic trade is termed as one of the main attributes of the dramatic increase in these illegal gangs which recruits even minors. According to the report that was released by the Review of Homicide Crime Statistics Criminal Justice Center in the year 2005, about 43% of all the homicides committed in Los Angeles County were accounted for by gangs (US Department of Justice, 2007). Getting imprisoned is one of the prime risks that children who join these gangs are subjected to. Children who are members of gangs commit various types of crimes such as homicide, robbery, assaults, and rapes as well as drug trafficking of which all these crimes are considered as capital criminalities. Such practices can make them spend much of their lives behind bars if not lifetime imprisonment. Other risks include making children become victims of their rival gangs, a factor that poses them to assaults or even getting murdered. The inherent violence associated with gang graffiti (body drawings gangs use as a symbol of marking their territory) is of great concern because when a neighborhood is marked with graffiti indicating territorial dominance, the entire area and its inhabitants become targets for violence. Everybody irrespective of where they are be it the streets or in their homes is fair game for drive-by attacks by rival gang members because rival gangs identifies everyone in a neighborhood as a potential threat. Adults and parents have a crucial role of learning about gangs so that they can remain aware of what is going on around with their children. This enables parents to easily identify early warning signs in the kids their children associate with and also helps them teach their kids correct information when the opportunity is presented. Having information about those gangs on various aspects such as reasons why children join then, type of people their children associate with, characteristics of children who are members of these sects, and the type of practices

Peace in World Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Peace in World Politics - Essay Example This essay stresses that if all the states in the world were to be democratic and these values and principles shared across the board then instances of armed conflicts would never arise. The universality of such shared principles among nations therefore will prompt peaceful coexistence amongst nations. Theoretically, the plausibility of peaceful relations among countries observing liberal principles is obvious, but the reality on the ground confirms a very different scenario. States are complex and the internal dynamics of countries and their relations to other countries might negate advancement towards peaceful coexistence. In fact, realist point out that such propositions are merely idealistic thinking and that results from the ground paints a very different picture. Currently countries such as the United States, Germany and Brazil are embroiled in disputes over claims that the United States has spied on their highest offices. Since these nations are very democratic and liberal, in stances of armed conflicts can be a far-flung idea. Internationally, fear and distrust is not uncommon and this is the real picture, there is no even a single self-defining state that has the capability of exposing its states secrets to other nations, irrespective of the cordial relationship, which such States enjoy. This paper makes a conclusion that the legality given to liberalist’s view of democracy-by-democracy peace theory liberalism has developed to be a basis of violence and intimidation in the world stage.

Israeli Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) in Defence Research Proposal

Israeli Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) in Defence against Terrorism - Research Proposal Example As PMSCs provide specialized security that resembles the services of the military, the Israel government’s decision to outsource military functions to the private security company was condemned (Schooner & Swan, 2012). Many believed that such companies are often involved in grave violation of human rights and are not capable of combating lone terrorists who are becoming common in the present Israel state (Hammes, 2010). However, despite the presence of heavily armed police officers in places such as Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, attackers still manage to attack such places killing people in mosques, buses, and other congregational sites (Sommer, 2014). Most of these attackers are classified as Lone Wolves terrorists as they carry out extemporaneous attacks and have no noticeable group collaboration (Wallwork,  2005). Whereas Benjamin Netanyahu, the Prime Minister, has accused the political class of complicity through incitement, the security system admits that good intelligence is not sufficient in predicting the soft targets of Lone Wolves terrorists and the utilization of private security services would reinforce the efforts of the military (Tait, 2015). This research proposal has the aim of exploring the effectiveness of the PMSCs in curbing terrorism in Israel. What’s more, this comprehensive project will study how efficient PMSCs are in combating lone terrorism by delving into the nature of the lone terrorism attacks in Israel that have been combated through use of PMSCs services. In answering the questions, the research will be able to explicate the effectiveness of PMSCs in combating terrorism in Israel. Moreover, it will help in bolstering the efficacy and proficiency of PMSCs services in the war against terrorism as well as defining better alternatives of combating terrorism. In a research conducted by III (2008), 185 people were interviewed on the use of contracted militias in

Art Tatum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Art Tatum - Essay Example In spite of his blindness, though, Art Tatum grew to become one of the great jazz musicians of his time. Tatum’s musical ability manifested itself at an early age. By the age of three, he was replicating music he had heard on the radio on the piano. His parents encouraged him in his music and eventually sent him off at the age of 16 to attend the Columbus School for the Blind. While learning how to read Braille, Tatum also studied music, both at his school and later with Overton G. Rainey, a classic pianist, at the Toledo School of Music. Tatum’s jazz talent was thus primarily self-taught but was good enough to get him his own show on the local radio station by the time he was 18. One year later and Tatum was working at Ohio’s Waiters’ and Bellmans’ Club, playing piano with singer Jon Hendricks. News of the young player began to spread and famous jazz greats such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Joe Turner and Fletcher Henderson began dropping in as they passed through town to hear him play. It wasn’t until 1932 when Tatum was 22 that singer Adelaide Hall decided to bring him to New York as her accompanist and his music began to be recorded. The earliest known recording is a 1932 test pressing of ‘Tiger Rag’, which was professionally recorded the following year. The song provides an excellent example of Tatum’s abilities as it features crashing bass notes, flowing cascades on both the left and right hands and a brutally fast tempo that showed off Tatum’s amazing dexterity. Tatum also participated in so-called ‘cutting contests’ while he was in New York, competing against other pianists such as Fats Weller and James P. Johnson for bragging rights that he never lost. Between 1933 and 1938, Tatum traveled around playing his piano visiting many of the large cities with big jazz followings including Cleveland, Chicago, New York, Los Angeles and several locations in England,

The Roman Empire and its neighbors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Roman Empire and its neighbors - Essay Example Furthermore, special attention will be paid to an analysis of the Germanic tribes and their impact on the Roman Empire (Heather 2006, 33-44). What explains the early development of the Roman Empire? The rise of this empire was precluded on the fact that life under Augustus was the ideal form of rule and that rule by one man was actually an ideal form of democracy. According to Chester G. Starr, Jr, Quite widely the subjects felt that they did not have political liberty, and some drew the conclusion that they lived in slavery. Such persons, however, were hasty to add that the slavery of the Roman Empire was preferable to any democracy or put other qualifications on their general line of thought (Starr 1952, 2). From this perspective then, the authoritarian nature of rule under Augustus was conceived of at the time as normal and even ideal. The notion of liberty extended beyond the individual and to the state and since everyone was responsible to obey the laws of the land, true democracy in fact existed. By wrestling control of the state from the landed aristocratic elite and attempting to impact a meritocratic form of rule – albeit with Emperor Augustus at the helm – the facade of democracy was employed as a tool and helps account for the rise of the Roman Empire. As Starr persuasively notes, â€Å"the Empire began when Augustus took the power in his own hands, and the emperor was an autocrat† (Starr 1952, 9). Despite the fact that Augustus was an autocrat, he was perceived by the peasantry as well as the landed elite as someone who could restore the concept of liberty to Rome. The consolidation of the Roman Empire was thus built upon a belief that liberty was restored and that autocratic rule by Augustus was democracy at its best. Accordingly, the regime still felt it necessary to pay lip service to old shibboleths like libertas and demokratia even

Israeli Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) in Defence Research Proposal

Israeli Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) in Defence against Terrorism - Research Proposal Example As PMSCs provide specialized security that resembles the services of the military, the Israel government’s decision to outsource military functions to the private security company was condemned (Schooner & Swan, 2012). Many believed that such companies are often involved in grave violation of human rights and are not capable of combating lone terrorists who are becoming common in the present Israel state (Hammes, 2010). However, despite the presence of heavily armed police officers in places such as Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, attackers still manage to attack such places killing people in mosques, buses, and other congregational sites (Sommer, 2014). Most of these attackers are classified as Lone Wolves terrorists as they carry out extemporaneous attacks and have no noticeable group collaboration (Wallwork,  2005). Whereas Benjamin Netanyahu, the Prime Minister, has accused the political class of complicity through incitement, the security system admits that good intelligence is not sufficient in predicting the soft targets of Lone Wolves terrorists and the utilization of private security services would reinforce the efforts of the military (Tait, 2015). This research proposal has the aim of exploring the effectiveness of the PMSCs in curbing terrorism in Israel. What’s more, this comprehensive project will study how efficient PMSCs are in combating lone terrorism by delving into the nature of the lone terrorism attacks in Israel that have been combated through use of PMSCs services. In answering the questions, the research will be able to explicate the effectiveness of PMSCs in combating terrorism in Israel. Moreover, it will help in bolstering the efficacy and proficiency of PMSCs services in the war against terrorism as well as defining better alternatives of combating terrorism. In a research conducted by III (2008), 185 people were interviewed on the use of contracted militias in

The Roman Empire and its neighbors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Roman Empire and its neighbors - Essay Example Furthermore, special attention will be paid to an analysis of the Germanic tribes and their impact on the Roman Empire (Heather 2006, 33-44). What explains the early development of the Roman Empire? The rise of this empire was precluded on the fact that life under Augustus was the ideal form of rule and that rule by one man was actually an ideal form of democracy. According to Chester G. Starr, Jr, Quite widely the subjects felt that they did not have political liberty, and some drew the conclusion that they lived in slavery. Such persons, however, were hasty to add that the slavery of the Roman Empire was preferable to any democracy or put other qualifications on their general line of thought (Starr 1952, 2). From this perspective then, the authoritarian nature of rule under Augustus was conceived of at the time as normal and even ideal. The notion of liberty extended beyond the individual and to the state and since everyone was responsible to obey the laws of the land, true democracy in fact existed. By wrestling control of the state from the landed aristocratic elite and attempting to impact a meritocratic form of rule – albeit with Emperor Augustus at the helm – the facade of democracy was employed as a tool and helps account for the rise of the Roman Empire. As Starr persuasively notes, â€Å"the Empire began when Augustus took the power in his own hands, and the emperor was an autocrat† (Starr 1952, 9). Despite the fact that Augustus was an autocrat, he was perceived by the peasantry as well as the landed elite as someone who could restore the concept of liberty to Rome. The consolidation of the Roman Empire was thus built upon a belief that liberty was restored and that autocratic rule by Augustus was democracy at its best. Accordingly, the regime still felt it necessary to pay lip service to old shibboleths like libertas and demokratia even

Self-esteem and Respect Essay Example for Free

Self-esteem and Respect Essay â€Å"Respect permeates every aspect of you life. † As Joe Clark said in this quote, respect takes charge of everything in a persons life. The dictionary definition of respect is â€Å"a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something, elicited by their abilities, qualities, or achievements. † Being respectful may come natural to most people, but for others its a difficult task. Having respect can be taught from a young age. Being respectful requires, having self respect, listening to others, and earning and giving respect to other people. Self respect is having appropriate sense of ones own dignity and integrity. If a person does not respect themselves then they probably will never respect other people. If a person notices that another person does not take care of themselves by proper hygiene, letting people run over them, or having low self esteem, then people will mostly likely not respect that person. If a person practices good psychological health, physical health, and recreational health, then they respect themselves and are a good example of self respect. On the other hand if a person never exercises, smokes, drinks all the time, and hangs out with criminals, then they do not have self respect. People who have self respect will care enough about their bodies, and will not put themselves in those type of situations. Self respect is a trait that everyone should develop at some point because it will determine how the rest of your life will turn out, and is required for having a happy and satisfying life. Parks 2 Respect is listening to other people. When a person truly respects someone they will listen to their opinions and values, even if its something that does not interest you. When listening to someone you give them your undivided attention. When a person sits down and put away all of their distractions (cell phones, computers paperwork) away that shows that they care and respect that other person. When listening to other people, try to stay present with what the speaker is saying, and do not let your mind wonder. When the person that is speaking is finished speaking, pause before you reply. Pausing shows that the listener respects what the person just said, and is carefully thinking of a respectful way to reply. If people are great listeners, this opens up doors for a lot mutually respectful relationships. Respect is not a right. Its not just given to a person just because they want it. Respect is earned. Someone who wants to be respected should carry out actions suitable enough for people to take notice of and have positive worth to the world. Respect is earned by the way a person carries themselves and the way a person treats others. If a person does not respect a persons, feelings, values, and opinions, then other people will not respect their, feelings, values, and opinions. Respect is earned by a person, by making it crystal clear that that persons care about themselves. That also sets standards for how other people should treat that person. Respect is also earned by standing up for what you believe in, even if that person is the only one standing up for that belief. Living a life with respect may be hard to do, but once other people are respectful to a person it often becomes an instinct to give that respect right back. Respect permeates every aspect of a persons life. Respect is the foundation of every aspect in a persons life and it is important to possess this trait. Being a respectful person to others and yourself opens up many doors and relationships.

Analysis of Personnel selling

Analysis of Personnel selling Personnel selling: selling through person to person communications process. (Belch and Belch 2009:593). A personnel selling is different from other communication forms, presented in the message flow from sender to a receiver to directly face to face (Belch and Belch 2009:593). Thomas Wotruba, had a point of view toward personnel selling evolvement, he believes that personnel selling evolves as marketing environment evolves. (Belch and Belch 2009:595). Personal selling consists of personal selling evolutions, which are: Provider stage: selling activities are limited to accepting orders for the suppliers available offering and conveying it to the buyer. (Belch and Belch 2009:595). Retailers such as Carrefour, spinneys, Awlad Ghanem, will order from Nestle Elite tea, so that they can sell it to consumers. Persuader stage: Market members buy suppliers offering because selling encourages this attempt. (Belch and Belch 2009:595). Nestle will convince retailers to buy their products, by giving them offers such as buy 10 elite black tea boxes and take 1 free, and buy 20 elite black tea boxes and take 25% discount on one of the ten boxes. Prospector stage: Searching for buyers who needs offering, also resources and authority to purchase it. (Belch and Belch 2009:595). Nestle should search for customers who are willing to take their Elite tea offers and willing to purchase their products. Problem solver stage: Selling requires buyers participation, to discover their problems which can be turned into needs. (Belch and Belch 2009:595). Nestle should get feedback if there is a problem, so that they can fix it, and then try to convert it into positive purchase. Procreator stage: creating a special offer to match the needs of the buyer with all the aspects of the sellers marketing mix. (Belch and Belch 2009:595). Nestle must search the problems of the buyer and need and creates an offer which will be suitable with customers. The information that we are trying to send to customers is that elite tea is different from any other product in the market and that it delivers a royal experience and taste to who consumes it. Ways of carrying out this information to customers is: Advertisements Telephone selling Face to face selling Personal selling Product: Elite tea can be explained by the seller by saying the benefits of it and what experience will the customer feel after drinking a cup, mainly it will be an emotional motivator. And the amount of advertising and events that we will going to generate to increase the demand of the product that will raise comfort for the customer in the purchasing process. Price: The price is negotiable because it is set based on the rate of purchasing of the customer. That we give for the sales person (spokes person) a range that he can offer the customer more preofable prices. reselling price (sales out) selling price (sales in)    15 12.75-13.25 elite black tea 100 tb 5 2.75-3 elite black tea 25 tb 16 13.5-14 elite green tea 100 tb 4.75 3-3.25 elite green tea 25 tb 36 27-28 elite earl grey tea 100 tb 17 13-14 elite English early breakfast 100 tb 6.25 3.25-3.75 elite English early breakfast 25 tb 19.25 15.5-16 elite dust tea 250 G 11 7.5-8 elite dust tea 100 G Channels: As Nestle divides the market into two sectors traditional trade and modern trade as elite tea is a high quality product and targeting upper social classes, so sales force will be focusing on a specific on modern trade and more specifically in the (MT) will be supermarkets and hypermarkets. And in traditional trade they will focus on groceries in class A areas Modern channels, is selling our products through intermediary retailers whom use new ways of presenting the product such as Carrefour and spinneyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, these types of distributors require special training on how to represent the product and how to convince consumers on buying it by cooperating with the promotion department. Traditional channels, is selling our products through intermediary retailers whom use old fixed ways of presenting the product these are small grocery stores located everywhere, they do not need special training. Advertising is very effective as it delivers the message to targeted customers in an entertaining way but sometimes the message could be unclear leading to a misunderstanding. Therefore personal selling can help by providing an individual in modern channel distributors whom can help and explain what the product offers to increase sales and customers perception. We can measure sales results by: Orders Sales volume in each distributor Sales calls Personal selling and PR: PR helps personal selling in a great way as it can create an image for the brand in the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mind that will assist sales of the product, one way is the project carried out by the PR department which donates 50 piaster from each pack of tea sold to help under developed communities. Our sales depend on the skills of our force and how they can influence the consumers in buying our TEA. Personal selling Responsibilities: Locating prospective customers: Nestle should try searching for new customers, Nestle sales people must target and hold on to the customers who will be beneficial. Determining customers needs and wants: sales people in nestle collect information on the customers and take decision on how to approach them, the sales person in nestle should identify the needs and wants of the customers, and should be sure that customers are able to purchase the product. Recommending a way to satisfy the customers needs and wants: Sales person in Nestle should get feedback on customers, to see if they have any problems with the product, and what solutions could they offer to satisfy them. Demonstrating the capabilities of the firm and its products: Sales person in this stage demonstrates the beneficial points of Elite tea and why should customers choose Nestle. Closing the sale: This is the most difficult step, because not all sales people are able to convince the customers to buy the product. So in Nestle we try to train our sales force to successfully close the sales. Following up and servicing the account: Our responsibility doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t end once we sell the product, Nestle tries to keeps its customers satisfied by selling extra products.